Supermaks zavodi i ćelijska izolacija
Istorijat, pojmovno određenje i razlozi širenja primene
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5937/crimen1903239IKljučne reči:
zatvaranje; kazneni zavodi; filadelfijski (pensilvanski) sistem; supermaks; ćelijska izolacijaApstrakt
Pre skoro četrdeset godina najmasovniji zavodski sistem na svetu (američki) iznedrio je prvu supermaks1 ustanovu sa specifičnim režimom dugotrajne (prolongirane) ćelijske izolacije. Od tada su te institucije i navedeni režim predmet ozbiljnih razmatranja i mnoštva kritičkih osvrta koji ipak nisu mogli da spreče da se ne samo u SAD, nego i u mnogim drugim zemljama, osnuju ovakve ustanove. Taj trend nije zaobišao ni Srbiju u kojoj do sada, sem sporadičnih pominjanja da se radi o izuzetku od opšteg pravila o zajedničkom izdržavanju kazne (koji je decenijama bio bitna karakteristika našeg penitencijarnog sistema), nije izazvao poseban osvrt. Iako je za to bilo mnogo razloga. Zato ćemo na početku dati istorijski osvrt na period pre nastanka ovakvih ustanova i ukazati na okolnosti u kojima je osnovan prvi zavod ovakvog tipa. Zatim će biti učinjen napor da se odredi jasna definicija supermaks ustanova i ukaže na razloge njihovog umnožavanja.
Downloads
Reference
Andrus, T., and S. Richards. 2005. "State Prison System." In Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, edited by M. Bosworth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Christie, N. 1994. Crime Control as Industry. London: Routledge.
Clear, T., G. Cole, and M. Reisig. 2006. American Corrections, 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Collica, K. 2005. "Special Housing Units." In Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, edited by M. Bosworth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Davis, A. 2015. "Race, Gender and Prison History: From the Convict Lease System to the Supermax Prison." In Gender and Prison, edited by D. Britton. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Goffman, E. 1957. "Characteristics of Total Institutions." In Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry, 15–17 April. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Mental Health.
Hafemeister, T., and J. George. 2013. "The Ninth Circle of Hell: An Eighth Amendment Analysis of Imposing Prolonged Solitary Confinement on Inmates with a Mental Illness." Denver University Law Review, no. 1.
Haney, C. 2005. "Supermax Prisons." In Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, edited by M. Bosworth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hannem-Kish, S. 2005. "Solitary Confinement." In Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, edited by M. Bosworth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hresko, T. 2006. "In the Cellars of Hollow Men: Use of Solitary Confinement in U.S. Prisons and Its Implications under International Laws Against Torture." Pace International Law Review, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.58948/2331-3536.1071
Human Rights Watch. 1997. Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana. New York: Human Rights Watch.
Ignatieff, M. 1978. Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. New York: Pantheon Books. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16018-1
Ignjatović, Đ. 2015. "Epidemiološka Kriminologija." Sociologija, no. 2.
Ignjatović, Đ. 2017. "Kazneni Populizam." In Kaznena Reakcija u Srbiji VII, edited by Đ. Ignjatović. Belgrade: University of Belgrade.
Jeffreys, D. 2013. Spirituality in Dark Places: The Ethics of Solitary Confinement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137311788
Kann, M. 2015. "Penitence for Privileged: Manhood, Race, and Penitentiaries in Early America." In Gender and Prison, edited by D. Britton. Aldershot: Ashgate.
King, R. 1999. "Rise and Rise of Supermax: An American Solution in Search of a Problem?" Punishment and Society, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/14624749922227766
Limusse, T. 2018. Solitary Confinement in New Zealand Prisons. Auckland: ESRA.
Lippke, R. 2004. "Against Supermax." Journal of Applied Philosophy, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0264-3758.2004.00267.x
Martinson, R. 1974. "What Works? Questions and Answers about Prison Reform." Public Interest, Spring.
Mears, D. 2005. "Critical Look at Supermax Prisons." Correctional Compendium, no. 5.
National Institute of Corrections (NIC). 1997. Supermax Housing: Survey of Current Practice. Longmont, CO: NIC.
Piché, J. 2016. "Playing the 'Treasury Card' to Contest Prison Expansions: Lessons from Public Criminology Campaign." Social Justice, no. 3.
Piché, J., and K. Major. 2015. "Prisoner Writing in/on Solitary Confinement: Contributions from the Journal of Prisoners on Prisons (1988–2013)." Canadian Journal of Human Rights, no. 4.
Pizarro, J., and V. Stenius. 2009. "Supermax Prisons: Their Rise, Current Practices, and Effect on Inmates." In Corrections: Text/Reader, edited by M. Stohr, A. Walsh, and C. Haney. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Riveland, C. 1999. "Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations." Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Corrections.
Ross, J. 2007. "Supermax Prisons." Social Science and Modern Society, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02819943
Rovner, L. 2015. "Dignity and the Eighth Amendment: New Approach to Challenging Solitary Confinement." Advance, no. 9.
Rovner, L. 2017. "On Litigating Constitutional Challenges to the Supermax: Improving Conditions and Shining a Light." Denver Law Review, no. 2.
Rubin, A., and K. Reiter. 2018. "Continuity in the Face of Penal Innovation: Revisiting the History of American Solitary Confinement." Law & Social Inquiry, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1111/lsi.12330
Shalev, S. 2009. Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement. Portland: Willan Publishing.
Shalev, S. 2015. "Solitary Confinement: The View from Europe." Canadian Journal of Human Rights, no. 4.
Ward, D. 2005. "ADX Florence." In Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, edited by M. Bosworth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Downloads
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Broj časopisa
Sekcija
Licenca
Sva prava zadržana (c) 2020 Đorđe Ignjatović
Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i daju časopisu pravo prvog publikovanja rada, što omogućava drugima da dele rad uz priznanje autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
