Samoubistvo i njegovi pravni aspekti uz poseban osvrt na pacijente obolele od shizofrenije

Autori

  • Mauricio Pompili Meklin bolnica, Medicinski fakultet Harvard, SAD
  • Stefano Ferakuti Univerzitet u Rimu, Odeljenje za neurologiju, Centar za prevenciju samoubistva, Bolnica Sant Andrea, Sapienca, Italija

Ključne reči:

samoubistvo; uzroci; nesavesno lečenje; shizofrenija; nepažnja; šteta; uzročna veza; dužnost; kršenje dužnosti

Apstrakt

Samoubistvo predstavlja jedan od najznačajnih zdravstvenih problema pri čemu se procenjuje da se u svetu na svakih 40 sekundi izvrši jedno samoubistvo a da na svako uspelo samoubistvo dolazi oko 25 pokušaja samoubistava. Mlađa lica čine najugroženiju kategoriju kako u razvijenim tako i u zemljama u razvoju. Samoubistvo je kompleksan fenomen uzrokovan mnogobrojnim faktorima. Neka istraživanja su pokazala da postoji povezanost između samoubistva i određenih bioloških abnormalnosti a takođe se ističe da doprinos mogu imati i neki psihijatrijski poremećaji i psiho-socijalne krize. Rizični faktori mogu biti i agresivnost, pol, religija, genetski faktori, iskustva u detinjstvu pri čemu postoji njihova međusobna povezanost. Tako su npr. muškarci agresivniji i skloniji konzumiranju alkohola što bi moglo biti jedno od objašnjenja za višu stopu samoubistva kod ovog pola. Za razumevanje samoubistva mora se uzeti u obzir da ono nije prvenstveno korak ka smrti već pre svega korak usmeren na uklanjanje neprihvatljivih i emocija koje se ne mogu tolerisati. Samoubistvo je rezultat unutrašnjeg dijaloga. Kako bi se uklonio bol, analiziraju se moguće solucije pri čemu se tek posle nekoliko puta pojavljivanja ideje o samoubistvu ona konačno usvaja. Samoubistvo nastaje kada u individui dođe do sjedinjavanja nemira i letaliteta. Nemir je motivacija a letalitet okidač samoubistva. Zato je jedno od ključnih pitanja kod potencijalnih samoubica 'Kako ti mogu pomoći?' Neke od emocija koje predstavljaju potencijalni rizik za samoubistvo su: osećanje bespomoćnosti, želja za osvetom, bes, nekontrolisani gnev, osećanje bezizlaznosti, anksioznost itd. Samoubistvo se može sprečiti. Većina suicidalnih pojedinaca želi da živi ali ne uspeva da vidi alternative za svoje probleme. Samoubistvo ima i pravnih posledica. One se pre svega odnose na pitanja prava osiguranja i nesavesnog postupanja zdravstvenih radnika u bolnicama koji nisu preduzeli potrebne mere radi sprečavanja samoubistva. U drugom slučaju radi se o građansko-pravnoj odgovornosti koja postoji ako su ispunjeni određeni uslovi koje dokazuje tužilac: dužnost, kršenje dužnosti, šteta, uzročna veza. Šteta će postojati ako je samoubistvo izvršeno ili ako su nastupile štetne posledice usled pokušaja samoubistva u vidu psihičkih patnji. Drugačije je u pogledu utvrđivanje uzročne veze jer je neophodno utvrditi da li bi posledica izostala da je zdravstveni radnik preduzeo adekvatnu radnju i da li njegovo činjenje odnosno propuštanje predstavljalo odlučujući, neposredan uzrok posledice. Dužnost se zasniva na odnosu zdravstveni radnik - pacijent. Ona je sastavljena iz više komponenata među kojima su npr. dužnost sprovođenja testova i evaluacije pacijenta kako bi se utvrdila eventualna suicidalna namera, dužnost kontrole i nadgledanja, dužnost analiziranja ranijeg ponašanja pacijenta, dužnost smeštanja pacijenta u sigurnu i obezbeđenu prostoriju kako bi se sprečilo samoubistvo itd. U pogledu dužnosti zdravstvenih radnika, kao posebno se otvara pitanje dužnosti koja bi trebalo da postoji kod određenih kategorija lica kod kojih opasnost od samoubistva postoji zbog nekog psihičkog oboljenja kao što je npr. slučaj sa shizofrenijom. U cilju minimalizovanja odgovornosti, zdravstveni radnici bi trebalo da se pridržavaju sledećih uputstava: vođenje dokumentacije, razmenjivanje iskustava sa kolegama, upoznavanje sa pravnim pravilima koja regulišu pitanje odgovornosti, prikupljanje podataka o pacijentu a posebno o prošlim događajima i pokušanim samoubistvima, kompetentnost postupanja u specifičnim situacijama, uključivanje porodice pacijenta u tretman.

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30.06.2011

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Pompili, Mauricio, и Stefano Ferakuti. 2011. „Samoubistvo I Njegovi Pravni Aspekti Uz Poseban Osvrt Na Pacijente Obolele Od Shizofrenije “. Crimen 2 (1):26-51. https://epub.ius.bg.ac.rs/index.php/crimenjournal/article/view/580.

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