THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ON THE CULTURAL RIGHTS OF D/DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARING PEOPLE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51204/IVRS_24103AKeywords:
assistive technologies, cultural rights, Deafness, Deaf studies, digital technologiesAbstract
Digital technologies permeate almost all spheres of human lives in contemporary times, affecting a number of aspects of people’s lives. Such is the case with cultural rights as well, especially in the cases of certain groups. The paper is focused on the impact of digital technologies on these rights of d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing people. The theoretical framework of the paper defines the concepts of culture and general and specific cultural rights, as well as the labels of deaf, Deaf and hard-of-hearing. Then, an overview of relevant digital technologies is provided, with an evaluation of the impact they have on these cultural rights. Finally, possible strategies for improvement are broadly defined, and a conclusion is provided, summarizing the results of the research done.
References
Archbold, Sue, Alexandra Wheeler. 2010. Cochlear Implants: Family and Young People’s Perspectives. 226–40 in The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, edited by Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bauman, H.-Dirksen L., Joseph J. Murray. 2010. Deaf Studies in the 21st Century: ‘Deaf-Gain’ and the Future of Human Diversity. 210–35 in The Oxford Handbook of Deaf Studies, Language, and Education, edited by Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer. Oxford Library of Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chow, Pok Yin Stephenson. 2014. Culture as Collective Memories: An Emerging Concept in International Law and Discourse on Cultural Rights. Human Rights Law Review 14 (4): 611–46.
Gertz, Genie, Patrick Boudreault, eds. 2016. The Sage Deaf Studies Encyclopedia. Los Angeles: SAGE reference.
Harmon, Kristen. 2010. Deaf Matters: Compulsory Hearing and Ability Trouble. 31–47 in Deaf and Disability Studies: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Susan Burch and Alison Kafer. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Huenerfauth, Matt, Vicki L. Hanson. 2009. Sign Language in the Interface: Access for Deaf Signers. 1–18 in The Universal Access Handbook, edited by Constantine Stephanidis. Human Factors and Ergonomics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Kawas, Saba, George Karalis, Tzu Wen, Richard E. Ladner. 2016. Improv-ing Real-Time Captioning Experiences for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. 15–23 in Proceedings of the 18th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. Reno Nevada USA: ACM.
Keating, Elizabeth, Terra Edwards, Gene Mirus. 2008. Cybersign and New Proximities: Impacts of New Communication Technologies on Space and Language. Journal of Pragmatics 40 (6): 1067–81.
Ladd, Paddy. 2003. Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood. Clevedon, England; Buffalo: Multilingual Matters.
Levitt, Harry. 2007. A Historical Perspective on Digital Hearing Aids: How Digital Technology Has Changed Modern Hearing Aids. Trends in Amplification 11 (1): 7–24.
Lyall, Fiona, Philip Clamp, Daniel Hajioff. 2016. Smartphone Speech-to-Text Applications for Communication with Profoundly Deaf Patients. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 130 (1): 104–6.
Mirzaei, Mohammad Reza, Seyed Ghorshi, Mohammad Mortazavi. 2012. Using Augmented Reality and Automatic Speech Recognition Techniques to Help Deaf and Hard of Hearing People. Laval Virtual VRIC ’12.
Napier, Jemina. 2002. The D/Deaf – H/Hearing Debate. Sign Language Studies 2 (2): 141–49.
Neves, Josélia. 2008. 10 Fallacies about Subtitling for the d/Deaf and the Hard of Hearing. The Journal of Specialized Translation, no. 10: 128–43.
Neves, Josélia. 2009. Interlingual Subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing. 151–69 in Audiovisual Translation: Language Transfer on Screen, edited by Jorge Díaz-Cintas and Gunilla M. Anderman. Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Nic Craith, Máiréad. 2010. Linguistic Heritage and Language Rights in Europe: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications. 45–62 in Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice, edited by Michele Langfield, William Stewart Logan, and Máiréad Nic Craith. Key Issues in Cultural Heritage. London; New York: Routledge.
Ohene-Djan, James, Rachel Shipsey. 2006. E-Subtitles: Emotional Subtitles as a Technology to Assist the Deaf and Hearing-Impaired When Learning from Television and Film.1–3 in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies. Kerkrade, The Netherlands.
Pupavac, Vanessa. 2012. Language Rights: From Free Speech to Linguistic Governance. Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Roulstone, Alan. 2016. Disability and Technology: An Interdisciplinary and International Approach. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Shikova, Natalija, Immaculada Colomina Limonero. 2023. Can Non-Territorial Autonomy Help to Enforce the Linguistic, Cultural and Educational Rights of the Roma. 171–94 in Realising Linguistic, Cultural and Educational Rights Through Non-Territorial Autonomy, edited by David J. Smith, Ivan Dodovski, and Flavia Ghencea. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Silverman, Helaine, D. Fairchild Ruggles. 2007. Cultural Heritage and Human Rights. 3–22 in Cultural Heritage and Human Rights, edited by Helaine Silverman and D. Fairchild Ruggles. New York, NY: Springer.
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, Robert Phillipson. 1995. Linguistic Human Rights, Past and Present. 71–110 in Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination, edited by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson. Berlin New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove, Robert Phillipson. 2023. Introduction: Establishing Linguistic Human Rights. 1–22 in Handbook of Linguistic Human Rights, edited by Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Robert Phillipson. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Smith, Rachel Craufurd. 2007. The UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of Cultural Expressions: Building a New World Information and Communication Order?. International Journal of Communication 1: 24–55.
Sparrow, Robert. 2010. Implants and Ethnocide: Learning from the Cochlear Implant Controversy. Disability & Society 25 (4): 455–66.
Ssenyonjo, Manisuli. 2016. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in International Law. Oxford; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 2001. Cultural Rights: A Social Science Perspective. 85–110 in Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: A Textbook, edited by Asbjørn Eide, Catarina Krause, and Allan Rosas. Dordrecht; Boston; London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Stinson, Michael, Syed Ahmed, Lisa Elliot, and Donna Easton. 2017. Using Automatic Speech Recognition to Facilitate Communication Between an Individual Who Is Hearing and One Who Is Deaf or Hard of Hearing. 407–8 in Proceedings of the 19th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. Baltimore Maryland USA: ACM.
Stojković, Branimir. 1999. Identitet kao determinanta kulturnih prava. 9–97 in Kulturna prava, edited by Vojin Dimitrijević, Agneš Kartag-Odri, Branislav Milinković, Jan-Lui Serfontein, Ivana Simović-Hiber and Bran- imir Stojković. Beograd: Beogradski centar za ljudska prava.
Touzet, Chloe. 2023. Using AI to Support People with Disability in the Labour Market. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, no. 7.
UN General Assembly. 1948. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3712c.html (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN General Assembly. 1966. International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.html (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN General Assembly. 1966. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3aa0.html. (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN General Assembly. 1989. Convention on the Rights of the Child. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html. (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN General Assembly. 2007. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.refworld.org/docid/45f973632.html. (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN General Assembly. 1992. Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-rights-per-sons-belonging-national-or-ethnic. (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General Comment No. 13: The Right to Education (Art. 13 of the Covenant). https:// www.refworld.org/docid/4538838c22.html (last visited 31 January, 2024).
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2009. General Comment No. 21, Right of Everyone to Take Part in Cultural Life (Art. 15, Para. 1a of the Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ed35bae2.html (last visited 31 January, 2024).
Valentinuzzi, Max E. 2020. Hearing Aid History: From Ear Trumpets to Digital Technology. IEEE Pulse 11 (5): 33–36.
Veriava, Faranaaz, Kate Paterson. 2020. The Right to Education. 113–36 in Research Handbook on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as Human Rights, edited by Jackie Dugard, Bruce Porter, Daniela Ikawa and Lilian Chenwi. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Woods, Jeanne M. 2005. Emerging Paradigms of Protection for ‘Second-Generation’ Human Rights. Loyola Journal of Public Interest Law 6: 103–28.
World Health Organization. 2022. Global Report on Assistive Technology.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/354357/9789240049451-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (last visited 31 January, 2024).
World Health Organization. 2023. Deafness and Hearing Loss Factsheet.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss
(last visited 31 January, 2024).
