AGGRESSION (CRIME AGAINST PEACE) IN INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC AND CRIMINAL LAW
Abstract
In the last two centuries, the world and humanity have changed more than ever. The rapid development of technology, but also socio-humanistic and political thought has led to a completely different perception of the world by people. The desire to spread influence, aided by technological development, has pushed the great powers into the bloodiest armed conflicts the world has ever seen. After the end of the First and Second World Wars, it proved necessary not only to sanction the leaders of the idea of aggressive war, but also to sanction the insult to the independence of countries through the armed attack. In this regard, the international community has approached a more detailed definition of the concept of aggression and crimes against peace (crime of aggression) and the establishment of appropriate mechanisms with the aim of preventing armed conflicts, stopping them and promoting peaceful settlement of international disputes. It is this idea that is the subject of the text that follows. The author wants to make his modest contribution to legal science in terms of analysis of the concept of aggression in international law (primarily in international public law), but also the definition and elements of (international) crime – crime against peace (aggression) in international criminal law. In addition to explaining and clarifying the content of the concept of aggression, the author will analyze this international crime contained in international documents, present the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in relation to aggression, and explain the position and role of the United Nations in preventing armed conflict and peace. Finally, a critical analysis of all the above, the author will present the advantages and disadvantages of mechanisms for preventing armed conflict and punishing perpetrators of international crimes against peace through the prism of the amendment to the Rome Statute of the ICC.
References
Ambos, Kai. 2014. Treaties of International Criminal Law, Volume II: The Crimes and Sentencing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Andrassy, Juraj. 1931. Liga naroda, Njezino ustrojstvo i djelovanje. Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.
Andrassy, Juraj. 1958. Međunarodno pravo. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
Andrassy, Juraj. 1971. Međunarodno pravo. Zagreb: Školska knjiga.
Avramov, Smilja, Milenko Kreća. 2003. Međunarodno javno pravo. Beo- grad: Naučna knjiga.
Babić, Miloš. 2021. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Banja Luka: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Banjoj Luci.
Bassiouni, Cherif M. 2008. Internationa Criminal Law, Volume I: Sources, Subjects and Contents. Leiden: Brill.
Corten, Olivier. 2010. The Law Against War: The Prohibition on the Use of Force in Contemporary International Law. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
Crawford, Neta C. 1/2003. Just War Theory and U.S. Counterterror War. Perspectives on Politics, 1: 5–25.
Degan, Vladimir-Đuro, Berislav Pavišić, Violeta Beširević. 2011. Međunarodno i transnacionalno krivično pravo. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Unio i JP „Službeni glasnik”.
Degan, Vladimir-Đuro. 2011. Odgovornost za zločin agresije u svim njezinim vidovima. Rad HAZU, Razred društvenih znanosti 48: 233–289.
Đipalo, Sabina. 1/2015. Pravedni rat – osvrt na u suvremeno doba i slučaj ruske intervencije u Ukrajini 2014. godine. Zagrebačka pravna revija 4: 65–90.
Heller, Kevin Jon. 2011. The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of the International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Helmersen, Sondre Torp. 2/2014. The Prohibition of the Use of Force as Jus Cogens: Explaining Apparent Derogations. Netherlands International Law Review 61: 167–193.
Ikanović, Veljko. 48/2015. Zločin agresije u Rimskom statutu. Srpska pravna misao 21: 189–209.
Janković, Branimir. 1970. Međunarodno javno pravo. Beograd: Naučna knjiga.
Jovašević, Dragan, Veljko Ikanović. 2015. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Banja Luka: Panevropski univerzitet „Apeiron”.
Jovašević, Dragan. 1/2015. Krivično delo agresije u međunarodnog i krivičnom pravu Srbije. Vojno delo 67: 107–123.
Jovašević, Dragan. 65/2013. Međunarodna krivična dela u Rimskom stat- utu. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Nišu 51: 201–218.
Klamberg, Mark. 2017. Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher.
Kolb, Robert. 1998. The Formal Source of Ius Cogens in Public International Law. Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 53: 69–105.
Krivokapić, Boris. 2/2012. Običajna pravna pravila u međunarodnom pravu. Megatrend revija 9: 35–81.
Krivokapić, Boris. 2017. Međunarodno javno pravo. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta Union Nikola Tesla i Insitut za uporedno pravo.
Krivokapić, Boris. 55/2018. O definisanju agresije u međunarodnom pravu. Pravna riječ – Časopis za pravnu teoriju i praksu: 501– 520.
Langan, John. 1/1984. The Elements of St. Augustine’s Just War Theory. The Journal of Religious Ethics 12: 19–38.
Miloglav, Hrvoje, Pasko Tomaš. 1/2017. Protupravnost intervencije i aneksije u međunarodnom pravu: slučaj Krima. Paragraf 1: 159–190.
Milovanović, Miloš. 1/2011. Krivično delo agresije između konsenzusa i osporavanja. Međunarodni problemi 61: 24–51.
Minc, Isaak Izrailevič, Anna Mihailova Pankratova, Vladimir Petrovič Potemkin, Evgenij Viktorovič Tarle, Nikolaj Petrovič Kolčanovski. 1951. Istorija diplomatije, Sveska treća, Diplomatija u period priprema Drugog svetskog rata (1919–1939). Beograd: Arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke.
Munivrana Vajda, Maja. 2/2012. Međunarodni zločini prema novom Kaznenom zakonu. Hrvatski ljetopis za kazneno pravo i praksu 19: 819–842.
Neff, Stephen. 2005. War and the Law of Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Račić, Mile. 2013. Značaj definicije agresije za rad OUN. 79–91 in Naučni skup sa međunarodnim učešćem „Međunarodno humanitarno pravo”, edited by Mijal Stojanović. Kosovska Mitrovica: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Prištini sa privremenim sedištem u Kosovskoj Mitrovici.
Ryan, Frank Wesley. 1950. The Stimson Doctrine in International Law. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Seršić, Maja. 2/2007. Agresija, samoobrana i anticipirana samoobrana. Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 57: 271–290.
Simović, Miodrag. N., Milan Blagojević. & Vladimir M. Simović. 2013. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Istočno Sarajevo: Pravni fakultet Univer- ziteta u Istočnom Sarajevu.
Škulić, Milan. 2005. Međunarodni krivični sud, Nadležnost i postupak. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu i Dosije.
Stojanović, Zoran. 2012. Međunarodno krivično pravo. Beograd: Pravna knjiga.
Tesla, M. D. 6/2016. Zločin agresije kao međunarodno krivično delo, Vojno delo 68: 52–69.
Thirlway, Hugh. 2010. The Sources of International Law, International Law, edited by Malcolm D. Evans. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Vučinić, Zoran. 2006. Međunarodno ratno i humanitarno pravo. Beograd: JP „Službeni glasnik”.
Vuković, Đuro. 12/1988. Rat kao instrument za rješavanje međunarodnih sporova i njegovo ograničenje. Godišnjak Pravnog fakulteta u Banja Luci: 93–105.
Welsh, Jennifer M. 1/2019. Norm Robustness and the Responsibility to Protect, Journal of Global Security Studies 4: 53–72.
Zimmermann Andreas & Elisa Freiburg. 2015. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, A Commentary, edited by Otto Triffterer & Kai Ambos. Goettingen: Beck/Hart.
Charter of the United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter (last visited 13 May 2022).
Control Council Law no. 10. https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/re- search-files/memorandum-control-council-law-no-10-punishment-persons- guilty-war-crimes (last visited 13 May 2022).
Covenant of the Legaue of Nations. https://libraryresources.unog.ch/ ld.php?content_id=32971179 (last visited 12 May 2022).
Elements of Crime. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/Publications/ Elements-of-Crimes.pdf (last visited 16 May 2022).
International Court of Justice Reports 1986. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/ files/case-related/70/070–19841126-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last visited 26 May 2022).
International Court of Justice Reports 2005. https://www.icj-cij.org/pub- lic/files/case-related/116/116–20051219-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last visited 30 April 2023).
International Court of Justice Reports 2005. https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/ default/files/case-related/50/050–19700205-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf (last visited 30 April 2023).
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928. https://www.jura.uni-muenchen.de/fakultaet/ lehrstuehle/satzger/materialien/kellogg1928e.pdf (last visited 12 May 2022).
Resolution RC/Res.6. https://treaties.un.org/doc/source/docs/RC-Res.6- ENG.pdf (last visited 15 May 2022).
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/ sites/default/files/RS-Eng.pdf (last visited 16 May 2022).
Statute of International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. https://www. jura.uni-muenchen.de/fakultaet/lehrstuehle/satzger/materialien/img1945e. pdf (last visited 12 May 2022).
Statute of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo.
https://www.jura.uni-muenchen.de/fakultaet/lehrstuehle/satzger/material- ien/img1945e.pdf (last visited 12 May 2022).
United Nations General Assembly Resolution no. 3314. http://hrlibrary. umn.edu/instree/GAres3314.html (last visited 14 May 2022).
AAP-06 Edition 2021, NATO Glossary of Therms and Definitions (Eng- lish and French), NATO Standardization Office, 2021.